Various topics are related to Law. These include Tax Law, Space Law, Civil Law, Private Law, and Common Law. These topics can help you to understand the laws and regulations.
Common law
During the 12th century, the English monarchy established a system of legal reforms that spawned the common law. The system incorporated legal precedents and detailed records of past court cases. The law evolved into a body of rules that recognized contracts.
The common law tradition has historically marginalized some groups. These groups have had to wait for social sentiment and civil legislation to change before they can get a favorable ruling from the court.
The common law tradition has also served as a source of inspiration for new legislation. For example, the United Kingdom has long had an offense of “outraging public decency.”
Common law is derived from legal precedents. It also incorporates case-based reasoning and casuistry. The latter term means “reference point” or “standard of interpretation.” Often, the common law court uses precedents to interpret statutes. However, the judge in a common law court has more flexibility in making a decision than a civil law judge.
Civil law
Originally derived from the Latin jus civile, civil law is a legal system that regulates disputes between private individuals. It covers a variety of topics such as personal injury, fraud, contract disputes, and divorce.
In civil law countries, courts generally lead the proceedings by bringing charges and establishing facts through a witness examination. Lawyers then present their cases based on the evidence they gather.
The main goal of civil law is to protect the rights of the aggrieved party. Relief and remedies are determined by the appropriate tribunal.
Private law
Traditionally, private law is considered a core element of the common law tradition. Private law is a term used to refer to the legal distinctions between public and private entities. The term “private law” also has other meanings, including tort law, commercial law, contract law, and intellectual property law.
Private law is a complex topic, with many lawyers and scholars arguing about its merits. The topic is particularly relevant to tort law, a fertile area of private law theory.
Space law
Unlike national legal systems, space law is based on a series of international agreements and treaties. These rules are designed to ensure the safety of the Earth and its inhabitants.
As new technologies emerge, space law must change. Space law treaties obligate spacefarers to assist astronauts in distress. They also prohibit weapons of mass destruction in space. However, the definition of “defensive” use has evolved since the original treaty was written.
Space law treaties also outline liability for damages to the Earth. Damages to other nations’ equipment and facilities must be compensated.
Tax law
Whether you are an individual or a business, you have to pay taxes. Taxes are assessed based on the value of your property or the income you earn. They are usually divided into direct taxes and indirect taxes. Direct taxes are imposed on your income while indirect taxes are paid to an intermediary.
Tax law is the body of rules and procedures by which public authorities assess and collect taxes. It covers statutory rules and regulations, procedures, and common-law rules.